In resource-poor countries Giardia is still mainly diagnosed by light microscopy and detection of either trophozoites or cysts in fecal samples.
Transmission of Giardia cysts to humans occurs mainly via ingestion of contaminated water or food but parasites can also be directly contracted from infected individuals. These infections may often go unnoticed but epidemiological observations suggest that they are still associated with a malabsorption phenotype. However, infection that is not associated with such overt symptoms occurs frequently, especially in resource-poor countries.
The gastrointestinal manifestations include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, greasy stools, flatulence, epigastric tenderness, and steatorrhea accompanied by full-blown malabsorption syndrome. duodenalis infections, which may lead to significant malabsorption, weight loss and growth retardation. In particular, children in resource-poor countries can be severely affected by G. intestinalis) is one of the most frequent enteroparasites worldwide and has been included in the WHO ‘neglected disease initiative’. Integration of sequence typing data with information on geographic origins of samples allows parasite sub-population tracing using current typing tools. Genetic characterization indicated a predominant anthropogenic cycle of infection within the pediatric population studied. The risk of zoonotic infection emanating from ruminants even in high prevalence areas is negligible. Integration of the concatenated sequence information of the three marker gene fragments with the spatial data of the respective sample revealed that identical or near identical (only up to 1 out of 1358 bp different) concatenated sequencing types were spatially related in 4 out of 5 cases. For 39 samples the complete sequence information of the three marker gene fragments could be derived. Sequence typing analysis confirmed predominance of B-type sequences (>67%) in humans and E-type sequences (>81%) in ruminants over A-type sequences. duodenalis was 53% in ruminants and 21% in symptomatic children and infection was not positively correlated with diarrheal symptoms. Samples were then genetically characterized based on the triosephosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes.
Parasites were detected in these samples using the copro-antigen RIDA ® QUICK test and by real-time PCR.
MethodĪ total of 804 fecal samples from ruminant animals was collected from 191 herds and 165 samples from diarrheal children below the age of 10 years. duodenalis isolates by current genetic typing tools is possible using an exemplary set of samples from infected cattle, buffalo and children from the Ismailia province, Egypt. This study aimed to determine whether tracing of G. Giardia duodenalis is a common flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine of a wide range of vertebrate hosts.
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